Server : Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu) System : Linux absol.cf 5.4.0-198-generic #218-Ubuntu SMP Fri Sep 27 20:18:53 UTC 2024 x86_64 User : www-data ( 33) PHP Version : 7.4.33 Disable Function : pcntl_alarm,pcntl_fork,pcntl_waitpid,pcntl_wait,pcntl_wifexited,pcntl_wifstopped,pcntl_wifsignaled,pcntl_wifcontinued,pcntl_wexitstatus,pcntl_wtermsig,pcntl_wstopsig,pcntl_signal,pcntl_signal_get_handler,pcntl_signal_dispatch,pcntl_get_last_error,pcntl_strerror,pcntl_sigprocmask,pcntl_sigwaitinfo,pcntl_sigtimedwait,pcntl_exec,pcntl_getpriority,pcntl_setpriority,pcntl_async_signals,pcntl_unshare, Directory : /proc/thread-self/root/usr/share/doc/renaissance-doc/html/tutorial/
Upload File :
Current File : //proc/thread-self/root/usr/share/doc/renaissance-doc/html/tutorial/node5.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2K.1beta (1.48)
original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
* with significant contributions from:
Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>5 Adding a menu</TITLE>
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="5 Adding a menu">
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Renaissance">
<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="LaTeX2HTML v2K.1beta">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" HREF="Renaissance.css">
<LINK REL="next" HREF="node6.html">
<LINK REL="previous" HREF="node4.html">
<LINK REL="up" HREF="Renaissance.html">
<LINK REL="next" HREF="node6.html">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#4444FF" alink="#3388FF">
<B> Next: <A NAME="tex2html68"
HREF="node6.html">6 Changing the window</A> </B>
<B>Up: <A NAME="tex2html66"
HREF="Renaissance.html">GNUstep Renaissance</A> </B>
<B> Previous: <A NAME="tex2html60"
HREF="node4.html">4 Loading the gsmarkup</A> </B>
<BR> <P>
<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
<H1><A NAME="SECTION00050000000000000000">
5 Adding a menu</A>
</H1>
We now want to add a very simple menu, containing a simple
<TT>Quit</TT> item. Clicking on the item should quit the application.
Here is the required gsmarkup file:
<PRE>
<gsmarkup>
<objects>
<menu type="main">
<menuItem title="Quit" key="q" action="terminate:" />
</menu>
</objects>
</gsmarkup>
</PRE>
In this file, the <TT><objects></TT> tag contains a single
<TT>menu</TT> object, which contains a single <TT>menuItem</TT>.
<P>
When GNUstep Renaissance loads the file, it will create a menu object
(corresponding to the <TT><menu type="main"></TT> tag inside the
<TT><objects></TT> tag). This menu will be the application main menu,
because <TT>type="main"</TT> has been used as attribute of the menu
tag. Inside the menu, GNUstep Renaissance will create a single item,
with title <TT>Quit</TT>, key equivalent <TT>q</TT>, and which, when
clicked, will execute the action <TT>terminate:</TT>.
<P>
Please note that the menuItem object is inside the menu object because
the <TT><menuItem></TT> tag is inside the <TT><menu></TT> tag.
Generally, the nesting of tags represents a corresponding nesting of
objects.
<P>
Because the menus are organized in a completely different way on Apple
Mac OS X, this file won't really generate a proper menu on Apple Mac
OS X. If you are using Apple Mac OS X, you should rather use the following
gsmarkup file for your menu:
<PRE>
<gsmarkup>
<objects>
<menu type="main">
<menu title="Example" type="apple">
<menuItem title="Quit Example" key="q" action="terminate:" />
</menu>
</menu>
</objects>
</gsmarkup>
</PRE>
The structure in this case is more complex: inside the main menu
(displayed horizontally on Apple), there is a submenu called
<TT>Example</TT>. In the submenu there is a single menu item, with
title <TT>Quit Example</TT>, key equivalent <TT>q</TT>, calling the
action <TT>terminate:</TT>. Please note that this menu has
<TT>type="apple"</TT>. This attribute is ignored under GNUstep, and
only used by Apple Mac OS X; you should always have one and only one
submenu (the first one) with type <TT>apple</TT> for Apple Mac OS X
menus; it is used to identify the first compulsory submenu of an
application menu, the one with the title displayed in bold, and
containing the <TT>Quit XXX</TT> menu item.
<P>
If you need your application to run on both systems, you will need to
provide two separate gsmarkup files, each one using its system
specific menu layouts: one for GNUstep, the other one for Apple Mac OS
X; and then load the specific one depending on the platform you are
running on (you can use the <TT>GNUSTEP</TT> preprocessor defined
symbol to know on which platform you are; the symbol is defined on
GNUstep, but not on Apple Mac OS X). Conventionally, you can call the
first one <TT>Menu-GNUstep.gsmarkup</TT>, and the second one
<TT>Menu-OSX.gsmarkup</TT>.
<P>
Menus are really the only part of the user interface where such a
strong distinction is required. You can usually use the same window
(and gsmarkup file) on both systems; but because menus need to comply
more strictly with the platform in terms of the names and positions of
the menu items and of the submenus, at the moment to get a real native
feel on the two platforms, you need separate menus.
<P>
The gsmarkup file containing the main menu has to be loaded before
calling <TT>NSApplicationMain()</TT>; this is the most portable way of
loading it. Here is the new <TT>main.m</TT> file, with the required
changes to load our new <TT>Menu-GNUstep.gsmarkup</TT> (or
<TT>Menu-OSX.gsmarkup</TT>) file:
<PRE>
#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#include <AppKit/AppKit.h>
#include <Renaissance/Renaissance.h>
@interface MyDelegate : NSObject
{}
- (void) applicationDidFinishLaunching: (NSNotification *)not;
@end
@implementation MyDelegate : NSObject
- (void) applicationDidFinishLaunching: (NSNotification *)not;
{
[NSBundle loadGSMarkupNamed: @"Window" owner: self];
}
@end
int main (int argc, const char **argv)
{
CREATE_AUTORELEASE_POOL (pool);
MyDelegate *delegate;
[NSApplication sharedApplication];
delegate = [MyDelegate new];
[NSApp setDelegate: delegate];
#ifdef GNUSTEP
[NSBundle loadGSMarkupNamed: @"Menu-GNUstep" owner: delegate];
#else
[NSBundle loadGSMarkupNamed: @"Menu-OSX" owner: delegate];
#endif
RELEASE (pool);
return NSApplicationMain (argc, argv);
}
</PRE>
Here we use <TT>delegate</TT> as the <TT>owner</TT> argument of the
<TT>loadGSMarkupNamed:owner:</TT> method. Because we are not using
the owner yet, it is not important which object is passed - except
for a detail, which is that the owner is used to determine in which
bundle to look for the gsmarkup file to load; passing an object of a
class defined in your application makes sure that the file is looked
for in the main application bundle. In practice, if you are loading
files from your application main bundle, you should always pass an
instance of an object defined in your application as the owner.
<P>
We have also enclosed the loading of the Menu gsmarkup file inside the
creation and release of an autorelease pool; this is needed because
otherwise no autorelease pool would in place at that point.
Generally, whenever you need to do anything non-trivial inside your
<TT>main</TT> function, you need to create an autorelease pool
at the beginning, and release it at the end.
<P>
Do not forget to add <TT>Menu-GNUstep.gsmarkup</TT> and
<TT>Menu-OSX.gsmarkup</TT> to the resource files (listed
in the <TT>Example_RESOURCE_FILES</TT> variable) in the
<TT>GNUmakefile</TT>:
<PRE>
include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make
APP_NAME = Example
Example_OBJC_FILES = main.m
Example_RESOURCE_FILES = \
Menu-GNUstep.gsmarkup \
Menu-OSX.gsmarkup \
Window.gsmarkup \
ifeq ($(FOUNDATION_LIB), apple)
ADDITIONAL_INCLUDE_DIRS += -framework Renaissance
ADDITIONAL_GUI_LIBS += -framework Renaissance
else
ADDITIONAL_GUI_LIBS += -lRenaissance
endif
include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/application.make
</PRE>
<P>
The application should now build and run, and display an empty window
and a very simple menu with a single ``Quit'' menu item, which quits
the application.
<P>
<HR><B> Next: <A NAME="tex2html68"
HREF="node6.html">6 Changing the window</A> </B>
<B>Up: <A NAME="tex2html66"
HREF="Renaissance.html">GNUstep Renaissance</A> </B>
<B> Previous: <A NAME="tex2html60"
HREF="node4.html">4 Loading the gsmarkup</A> </B>
<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
<ADDRESS>
Nicola
2003-01-31
</ADDRESS>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Server : Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)